Broad EU anti-discrimination law has only recently developed, with the impetus given by the Treaty of Amsterdam. From an institutional point of view, it has had a major impact, resulting in the setting up of many national specialized bodies for the promotion of equal treatment and the reshaping of existent agencies. Beyond the large spectrum of equality bodies found across Europe, this chapter highlights general trends and presents some models that were shaped prior to any European requirement and that have influenced policy makers (equality bodies established in Great Britain, Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Ireland). It also underscores key challenges that these national institutions must address in order to improve effectively the implementation of equality norms and to achieve substantive equality.